17 novembre 2009

R. Tang: comments on various points (American misconceptions about Japan)

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This article is from the American misconceptions about Japan FAQ, by Tanaka Tomoyuki ez074520@dilbert.ucdavis.edu with numerous contributions by others.

R. Tang: comments on various points (American misconceptions about Japan)

Date: Tue, 27 Sep 94 02:30:17 GMT
From: rtang@kingcong.uwaterloo.ca
Subject: Re: American images of Japan


[...]
> > --- the Japanese as rich people
> This is "negative and malicious"?

In some ways yes, it serves to promote a class distinction
between common Americans and Japanese. Americans who are poor might resent the wealth of these "typical" Japanese. i.e., they’re taking over, they're buying up everything. They are
rarely portrayed as rich in the positive way (i.e. charitable,
philanthropic).

Whether or not the Japanese are in fact charitable or
philanthropic is besides the point. My response is to show how
the "rich Japanese" stereotype has been portrayed negatively.

> > --- the Japanese as hardworking people
> This is "negative and malicious"?

Most commonly, hardworking in the sense of mindless worker bees.

A side note on this issue. An article in (I believe) Macleans
or some similar type of magazine had a story on the 'glass
ceiling' affecting Asian Americans. The perception of upper
management of AA's is that they are good hard workers, but not
suitable for upper management from a lack of initiative and
organization. While AA's are NOT Japanese, those who hold these prejudiced beliefs in AA's probably can't distinguish between the two groups anyways.

> > --- slanted eyes
> Uh, out of curiousity, have ever, during the time you "lived in
> Japan" happen across any Edojidai paintings of, say, samurai,
> geisha, or other subjests? How were the eyes depicted?

I don't think you would go about claiming Japanese have big round eyes because of Japanese anime cartoons. Or maybe Spaniards are cubic creatures, because Picasso drew people that way?

This eye slant is a myth and at most an optical illusion. Case
in point, in the time of Genghis Khan, European emissaries made the observation that Oriental eyes were further apart then
European. Both of which may be correct or incorrect, the point is that it was an observation based on nothing more than personal perception, which then got spread, and from a lack of real scientific judgement became commonly accepted as fact.

As far as my perceptions go, I would note that Caucasians and
orientals have about the same slant in eye angle, but Caucasians have a more pronounced ridge above the eye or bone behind the eyebrow. Making the eyelid less prominent over the eye.

> > --- suicide
> > Japan, Belgium, France ... 15
> > New Zealand, USA, UK ... 10
> > this shows that "suicide common in Japan" is another myth
> > created by American media bias, the wide coverage of suicides of
>
 
> Hmm, this shows a 50% higher suicide rate in Japan than the
> US. How, then, is it a myth that Japan has a higher suicide rate
> than the US?

I don't see Tomoyuki disputing this, he states that the premise
that "suicide is COMMON" is overstated. The correct assertion
is that suicide is more common in Japan then in America.
However, the `suicidal' stereotype, is rarely attributed to
French or Belgian peoples.



Earl Kinmonth: on Benedict and the tradition of Japanese studies (American misconceptions about Japan)

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This article is from the American misconceptions about Japan FAQ, by Tanaka Tomoyuki ez074520@dilbert.ucdavis.edu with numerous contributions by others.

Earl Kinmonth: on Benedict and the tradition of Japanese studies (American misconceptions about Japan)

Newsgroups: soc.culture.japan
Date: 29 Oct 94 08:12:56 GMT
From: jp1ek@sunc.sheffield.ac.uk (Earl H. Kinmonth)

TANAKA Tomoyuki (tanaka@nickel.ucs.indiana.edu) wrote:

: however, American media and academia like to depict Japanese as
: completely different (diametric opposite) and "inscrutable".
: this has been a consistent pattern in the Western depiction of
: Japan for centuries, culminating in Ruth Benedict's
: "Chrysanthemum and the Sword", which contrasted the Western
: culture of "sin" vs the Japanese culture of "shame".

Your enthusiasm for your subject is leading you to
exaggeration. Ruth Benedict wrote in the 1940s. I don't think
you'll find much if any American writing on Japan before 1840.
This gives you a century at best. There's also very little
European writing before 1840.

Second, emphasis on differences has not in fact been the
consistent pattern. At various times and for various (usually
political) reasons there has been an emphasis on similarity.
Generally, I think you will find that journalistic writers have
emphasized differences while academic writers have emphasized similarities. If anything American academic writers have probably been more guilty of trying to plug Japan into American models and not paying enough attention to real differences.
Reischauer certainly falls into this bag although he was an
academic only by virtue of his position, not by the quality and
quantity (or lack thereof) of his research.

You should read Kosaku YOSHINO, Cultural Nationalism in
Contemporary Japan: A Sociological Enquiry (Routledge, 1992) and get some perspective. As Yoshino shows, writing stressing the (largely imagined) differences between Japanese and (abstracted)
"Westerners" is much more popular among Japanese than it is
among a non-Japanese audience. Indeed, he points out that the bulk of American academic response has been to attack the whole Nihonjin and Nihon bunka ron genre for its exaggerations.

As Yoshino points out, very few American academics write the
broad stroke "cultural comparisons" of the Nihonjin and Nihon
bunka ron variety. Japanese academics do. Indeed, you've cited some of them.

You should also keep in mind that Ruth Benedict did not speak or read Japanese. She picked up her ideas from Japanese informants and confiscated Japanese films. Most journalistic writers about Japan do not speak or read Japanese. If they have silly ideas about Japan, these usually come from two sources: previous writing in the same genre; Japanese informants who spout the "party line" (Nihonkyo as Yamamoto Shichihei called it) derived from Nihonjin and Nihon bunka ron writings.

Also, I think you need to do some more research. There is a
whole genre of US studies that dissect US images of Japan.
Many of these have been inspired by Akira Iriye at the
University of Chicago. It has been a fairly popular PhD
dissertation subject. I've taught courses on this theme and
found American students quite open to be told that what they
read about Japan in journalistic sources is usually unmitigated
bull shit.

=--------------------------------------------------------------------
-- (afterword (response to Mr Kinmonth's comments))

--- I still believe that emphasizing the differences has been a
pattern in Western depiction of Japan.

--- I also believe that influences of Benedict and Reischauer
are still significant today on American and Japanese writers
(including fake GAIJINs like Isaiah Ben-Dasan and Paul Bonet, on which I've written a short essay stored in my WWW site).

Mr Kinmonth wrote to me, "Also, I think you need to do some
more research." I just checked out 3 books by Akira Iriye
(including "Mutual images: essays in American-Japanese
relations") as well as Mr Kinmonth's book, "The self-made man
in Meiji Japanese thought: from samurai to salary man".

sure, it'd be good for me to read and learn more. but it is
unlikely that I will ever reach the point of having read as much
as Mr Kinmonth has on these matters. it is possible that my
perspective will change significantly sometime, but I don't see
it happening anytime soon --- maybe 10 years from now, but I may  well be dead by that time, and I decided that distributing this rough sketch may do some good.



Bibliography (American misconceptions about Japan)

Description


This article is from the American misconceptions about Japan FAQ, by Tanaka Tomoyuki ez074520@dilbert.ucdavis.edu with numerous contributions by others.


Bibliography (American misconceptions about Japan)


I recognize influence of HONDA Katuiti and C. Douglas Lummis in
everything I write. for the material covered in this article I
was especially helped by these two books by Lummis.

--- C. dagurasu ramisu. "nai-naru gaikoku: KIKU TO KATANA saikou".
jiji-tuusin-sha. 1981. (see Section (0.3))

--- dagurasu ramisu, ikeda masayuki. "nihonjin-ron no sinsou"
haru-shobou. 1985.

--- Stanly Sue and Harry H.L. Kitano.
"Stereotypes as a measure of success".
Journal of Social Issues. Vol 29, No 2 (1973).
this paper traces the changes of Chinese and Japanese
stereotypes in the USA. it was written in the early
1970s, when these Asian stereotypes were probably at
their most favorable point ever.

--- [booklet "Asian Pacific Americans" 1988 (?)]
"Asian Pacific Americans: A handbook on how to cover and
portray our nation's fastest growing minority group."
about 80 pages. out of print.
(some excerpts available in my WWW site.)

--- the negative images described in this article are big factors
in "disparity in Asian/white interracial dating FAQ"
(v7, 1300 lines). see the FTP locations in Section (A).

--- Tanaka, "American WW2 myths and propaganda about Japan: 1941 to present" (forthcoming article) will examine the following myths in greater detail.

MYTH: the Pearl Harbor attack was sneaky and unfair.
MYTH: Japan sweeps history under the carpet.
MYTH: Japanese are more fanatical than Americans.
MYTH: use of atomic bombs on Japan is justified because
[1] it was a retaliation against the Pearl Harbor attack.
[2] it was necessary to avoid land invasion and to save
American lives.
[3] it was a punishment for Japan's misbehavior in Asia.
[4] it hastened WW2's end.

after posting versions of Section (E) in Nov and Dec 1994, I
found the following books in January 1995.

--- Sheila K. Johnson. "The Japanese through American eyes", 1991.

--- Endymion Wilkinson. "Japan versus the West: image and reality",
Penguin Books, 1990. ($9.95 in the USA)

the author Wilkinson was born and raised in England, and got
his Princeton Ph.D. in East Asian studies. he seems to speak
at least four languages fluently: English, French, Chinese, and
Japanese. he became an EC diplomat and served for six years in Tokyo and for six years in Southeast Asia. the book has three
major parts: the West as seen by Japan, Japan as seen by the
West, and economic frictions.